Microbiological Quality of Water Used at Sufi Shrines: Implications for Public Health in Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

Karachi is among Pakistan’s fastest-growing cities, where rapid population growth and inadequate infrastructure have intensified problems of water contamination, contributing to declining water quality. Shrines in this region serve as vital psycho-social anchors for community identity, where water is essential for drinking, sacred rituals, and ablution (wudu). This study investigates the microbiological quality of water used for drinking and sacred rituals at Sufi shrines in Karachi, Pakistan. 27 water samples were collected from 20 shrines for microbiological analysis targeting turbidity, coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Moreover, the study employed a qualitative scoring system to evaluate shrine cleanliness based on washroom availability, dust presence, drug user presence, and ventilation. Results show 74.07% of samples contained coliforms and 62.96% contained E. coli, exceeding acceptable limits, as assessed against the WHO guideline of 0 CFU/100 mL for E. coli in drinking water, and indicating significant fecal contamination. 59.26% of the samples indicated the water to be clear when assessed for turbidity. The scoring system highlighted how visual cleanliness did not correlate with microbial contamination levels, stressing the need for microbial monitoring beyond surface assessments. The findings emphasize significant health risks to shrine visitors, especially vulnerable populations. Immediate interventions at both individual (carrying personal water bottles, use of bottled water) and governmental levels (improved water infrastructure, UV treatment systems) are critical to safeguard public health without disrupting cultural and spiritual practices.